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What Books by Wd Muhammad Should I Read

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Founder of the Nation of Islam

This article is about the founder of the Nation of Islam. He is not to be confused with Warith Deen Mohammed.

Wallace Fard Muhammad
Wallace Fard Muhammad.jpg

Nation of Islam portrait
Leader of the Nation of Islam
In office
1930–1934
Succeeded by Elijah Muhammad
Personal details
Built-in February 26 (reportedly), c.  1877 [a] [one] [two]
Died Disappeared in 1934 (anile 56–57)
Occupation Religious and political activist
^ a. Nascency dates attributed to Fard include 1877, 1891, and 1893; the Nation of Islam celebrates February 26, 1877.

Wallace Dodd Fard, also known equally Wallace Fard Muhammad or Master Fard Muhammad [3] (; reportedly born February 26, c.  1877 [4] [7] – disappeared c.  1934), was the founder of the Nation of Islam. He arrived in Detroit in 1930 with an obscure groundwork and several aliases, and taught an idiosyncratic grade of Islam to members of the urban center'south blackness population. In 1934, he disappeared from public tape, and Elijah Muhammad succeeded him as leader of the Nation of Islam.[eight] [ix]

Influence [edit]

Fard Muhammad, acting as a door-to-door travelling salesman, spread his religious teachings throughout Detroit, and inside three years grew the movement to a reported 8,000–9,000 members in Detroit, Chicago and other cities. Today, the Nation of Islam has an estimated membership of 20,000–l,000.[10]

The annual Saviour's Solar day event is held in honour of Master Fard'due south birth.[11] In 2020, information technology attracted an estimated fourteen,000 participants.[12]

Fard taught a form of blackness exceptionalism and cocky-pride to poor Southern blacks during the Great Northward Migration at a time when old ideas of scientific racism were prevalent. He advocated customs members to establish and own their own businesses,[xiii] swallow healthy, raise families, and refrain from drugs and alcohol.[14] He influenced his successor Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X and many other Black Nationalist thinkers. Both during and subsequently his life, some charged that Fard was a con man who used mystery and charisma to swindle poor blacks by selling them new Muslim names and stirring up racial animosity[15] by copying selected elements of other Muslim religious sects and ideologies that would fit his racial supremacist narrative.[9]

Beynon'south account of Fard and his followers [edit]

In 1938, sociologist Erdmann Doane Beynon published in the American Periodical of Sociology a immediate business relationship of several interviews he conducted with followers of Fard in Michigan.[16] From those interviews, Beynon wrote that Fard lived and taught in Detroit from 1930 to 1934.[17] He came to the homes of black families who had recently migrated to Detroit from the rural Due south.[18] He began by selling silks door to door, telling his listeners that the silks came from their bequeathed homeland. At his proffer, he came back to teach the residents, forth with guests.[19]

In the early stage of his ministry, Fard "used the Bible equally his textbook, since it was the simply religious book with which the bulk of his hearers were familiar. With growing prestige over a constantly increasing group, [Fard] became bolder in his denunciation of white people and began to attack the teachings of the Bible in such a mode as to shock his hearers and bring them to an emotional crunch."[xix]

Beynon'due south interviewees told him that reports of Fard's message spread throughout the black community. Attendance at the house meetings grew until the listeners were divided into groups and taught in shifts. Finally, the community contributed money and rented a hall to serve every bit a Temple where meetings were conducted.[17] The Quran was soon introduced as the most authoritative of all texts for the study of the faith.[20] Fard prepared texts that served as authoritative manuals of the faith and were memorized verbatim past his followers.[20]

Beynon described disputes and tension that arose between the new community and the police over the group's refusal to send their children to public schools. Ane member of the group, later declared mentally insane, allegedly participated in "human cede" in 1932 in an effort to follow lessons regarding the sacrifice of devils.[21] [Note ane] These incidents drew law attention, co-ordinate to Beynon, and contributed to persecutions and schisms.[22]

Fard named his customs the "Nation of Islam".[23] Following the rapid increment in membership, he instituted a formal organizational structure.[24] He established the University of Islam, where school-age children were taught, rather than in the public schools.[24] He established the Moslem Girls' Training and General Civilization Grade, where women were taught how to keep their houses, make clean and melt. The men of the organization were drilled past captains and referred to as the Fruit of Islam. The entire motility was placed under a Minister of Islam.[24]

According to Beynon, Fard's followers grew to approximately eight thousand.[23] "Within iii years the prophet not only began the motility just organized it so well that he himself was able to recede into the background, appearing almost never to his followers during the final months of his residence in Detroit."[24]

From interviews with approximately 200 families who followed Fard, Beynon concluded:

"Although the prophet lived in Detroit from July four, 1930 until June xxx, 1934, virtually nothing is known virtually him, salvage that he 'came from the Eastward' and that he 'called' the Negroes of Due north America to enter the Nation of Islam. His very proper noun is uncertain. He was known usually as Mr. Wali Farrad or Mr. W. D. Fard, though he used likewise the following names: Professor Ford, Mr. Farrad Mohammed, Mr. F. Mohammed Ali. One of the few survivors who heard his first addresses states that he himself said: 'My proper noun is West. D. Fard and I came from the Holy Metropolis of Mecca. More well-nigh myself I will not tell you yet, for the time has not notwithstanding come. I am your blood brother. You lot accept not yet seen me in my imperial robes.' Legends presently sprang upward almost this mysterious personality."

Fard used the proper name "W. F. Muhammad" on several lessons written in 1933 and 1934.[25] In 1933, he began signing his name "West. F. Muhammad", which stands for "Wallace Fard Muhammad".[26]

Arrest [edit]

On November 20, 1932, James J. Smith, a black man, was killed by Robert Harris, who was his roommate and a member of the Nation of Islam, on a makeshift chantry in what was described as a human sacrifice.[ citation needed ] Harris attended meetings of the Detroit chapter of the Nation of Islam, and so also called the Guild of Islam, and Allah Temple of Islam, where he was given the name of Robert Karriem. He claimed he was influenced by the group. Consequently, Fard and another leader, Ugan Ali, were arrested and questioned. "The social club cannot be blamed for anything he did," Ali was quoted in the Detroit News, Nov. 23, 1932.[27] "Harris had no standing in the order and was not regarded as a leader. Many people avoided him because of the wild things he sometimes said." Harris was later alleged mentally unbalanced, pleaded guilty and was imprisoned, while Fard and Ali were released.[ citation needed ]

Efforts to trace Fard's history 1914–1926 [edit]

Efforts to trace the origins and life story of Fard have been all-encompassing but have yielded merely fragmentary results and not even his engagement of death is known; further complicating any efforts is the fact that simply 5 pictures of Fard are known to exist, 4 being mugshots taken later on various arrests and 1 being the official portrait by the Nation of Islam; nigh observers agreed they all belong to the same person which was confirmed via facial recognition assay.[28] Additionally, Fard is alleged to accept used up to 58 dissimilar aliases during his life.[viii] [29]

Karl Evanzz of The Washington Post submitted a Liberty of Information Deed request to the FBI in 1978 requesting its file on Fard.[xxx] Evanzz based his account of Fard's life on the declassified portion of the FBI file that he received nearly a decade after his request. Evanzz detailed the feel of several other authors who besides based their accounts of Fard'southward life on the FBI file.[31]

From the FBI's response to the Freedom of Information Act request, Evanzz claimed that Fard, using the name Fred Dodd, married Pearl Allen in Multnomah County, Oregon, on May ix, 1914, with their first child, a son, born the side by side yr.[32] [33]

Dodd left his family in 1916 and moved to Los Angeles, using the proper name Wallie Dodd Ford. A World War I draft registration menu for Wallie Dodd Fard[iv] from 1917 indicated he was living in Los Angeles, single, every bit a restaurant possessor, and reported that he was born in Shinka, Transitional islamic state of afghanistan on Feb 26, 1893. He further reported that he was a resident alien and citizen of Afghanistan. He was described as of medium height and build with chocolate-brown optics and black hair. On the draft card, "Ford" is written in parentheses in a different paw. At the bottom of the card, he signed his name as "Wallie Dodd Ford".[34]

Equally of 1920, Ford was yet living in Los Angeles as 26-year-former Wallie D. Ford, with his 25-year-sometime wife, Hazel E. Ford. In the 1920 United States Census, his race was reported as white, his occupation every bit a proprietor of a eating place, and his place of birth as New Zealand. He provided no known identify of birth for his parents nor his appointment of immigration.[35]

A marriage document dated June v, 1924, was issued to Wallie Dodd Ford and Carmen Trevino (or Treviño) in Santa Ana, California. Ford reported that he was a melt, age 26, born in Oregon and living in Los Angeles. Trevino was a 22-year-sometime native of Mexico also living in Los Angeles. Both provided their race as "Spanish"; Ford claimed that his parents, "Zaradodd" and "Babbjie", were natives of Madrid, Spain.[36]

A declassified Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) memorandum dated May 16, 1957 states: "From a review of instant file information technology does non appear that there has been a concerted effort to locate and fully identify W. D. Fard. In equally much every bit Elijah Muhammad recognizes W.D. Fard as being Allah (God) and claims that Fard is the source of all of his teachings, it is suggested that an exhaustive effort be made to fully identify and locate W. D. Fard and/or members of his family."[37] The FBI took note of the article written by Erdmann Doane Beynon, and information technology conducted a search for Fard using various aliases including the proper name "Ford".[38]

The search produced 2 Fords of interest, i of whom was Wallace Ford, a prominent movie actor. The other was Wallie D. Ford of California, arrested past Los Angeles police on Nov 17, 1918 on a charge of assail with a deadly weapon.[39]

On October 17, 1957, the FBI located and interviewed Hazel Barton-Ford, Wallie Ford's common-police force wife, with whom he had a son named Wallace Dodd Ford, built-in on September 1, 1920.[40] Barton-Ford gave a description of Wallie Ford, and described him as a Caucasian New Zealander.[forty] The FBI's search for Fard was officially closed the post-obit year on April 15, 1958.[41] Immigration records did not match any of his aliases. His true identity remains unknown,[42] simply there is strong prove that the Nation of Islam founder Wallace D. Fard was the aforementioned man as Wallace Dodd Ford, an inmate in San Quentin Prison house. According to Patrick D. Bowen, a PhD candidate at the University of Denver's Iliff School of Theology, fingerprints and photographs taken from San Quentin Prison matched those of Fard taken during the 1930s in Detroit; furthermore, in San Quentin he nearly certainly came in contact with African American Muslim preachers and converts also incarcerated there.[iv]

Fard was arrested again on January 20, 1926, for violation of the California Woolwine Possession Human action,[39] and on February 15, 1926, for violation of the Country Poison Act, for which he was sentenced to six months to vi years at San Quentin State Prison on June 12, 1926.[43] According to San Quentin records, Wallie D. Ford was born in Portland, Oregon on Feb 25, 1891, the white son of Zared and Beatrice Ford, who were both built-in in Hawaii.[44]

On August fifteen, 1959, the FBI sent a story to the Chicago New Crusader newspaper, stating that Fard was a "Turkish-built-in Nazi agent who worked for Hitler in World War Two".[45] Co-ordinate to the FBI story, Fard was a "Muslim from Turkey who had come up to the United States in the early on 1900s. He had met Muhammad in prison … where the two men plotted a confidence game in which followers were charged a fee to become Muslims."[45] Later the story was published, Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X later charged black media outlets, which reprinted the accusation in large numbers, with running the story without requesting a response from the Nation of Islam.[45]

A February xix, 1963, FBI memorandum states: "In connection with efforts to disrupt and curb growth of the NOI, all-encompassing enquiry has been conducted into various files maintained by this part. Among the files reviewed was that of Wallace Dodd Ford."[46] Five months after, in July 1963, the FBI told the Los Angeles Evening Herald-Examiner that Fard was actually Wallace Dodd Ford.[47] The paper published the story in an article titled "Black Muslim Founder Exposed As White."[48] [ dubious – talk over ] An FBI memorandum dated August 1963 states that the FBI had not been able to verify his birthdate or birthplace, and "he was last heard from in 1934."[49]

The Nation of Islam refutes the claim that Fard and Ford are one and the aforementioned in an article posted on the NOI website by Dr. Wesley Muhammad.[50]

Karl Evanzz, in his book The Messenger, postulates that Fard was the son of a Pakistani Muslim, and so known equally East Indians. He bases this theory on several indications:[xxx]

  1. Fard spent time at the Ahmadiyya Mosque, a move prominent in Pakistan and used translations of the Quran from Pakistanis.
  2. The name Fard is a common surname in Pakistan as are other names he bestowed upon his followers such as Shabazz, Ghulam, and Kallatt
  3. Interviews with long-fourth dimension Nation figures who met him or saw original photos of him such as Ozier Muhammad, Rodnell Collins (nephew of Malcolm X) and Wilfred Picayune bespeak that Fard has Pakistani features
  4. Early teachings from Fard indicated a distrust and disdain for Hinduism

The 2022 book Finding W.D. Fard: Unveiling the Identity of the Founder of the Nation of Islam by Dr. John Andrew Morrow investigates theories of Fard's origin. "The people who actually met him, and the scholars who accept studied him, have suggested that he was variously an African American, an Arab from Syrian arab republic, Lebanese republic, Algeria, Morocco or Kingdom of saudi arabia... a Turk, an Afghan, an Indo-Pakistani... a Greek..." Morrow writes. "In an attempt to determine the origins of W.D. Fard, about scholars have relied on his teachings as passed downwards, and perhaps modified, by Elijah Muhammad. Some have suggested that he was a member of the Moorish Science Temple of America or the Ahmadiyyah Movement. Others have suggested that he was a Druze or a Shiite."[51]

Chameleon: The True Story of W.D. Fard by A. G. Arian studies the origin of the Nation of Islam founder.[52] 1 theory postulated is that Fard was of Afghan heritage.

Moorish Science Temple of America [edit]

In add-on to his assertion that Fard was Ford, Evanzz too said that Fard was once a member of the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple of America,[53] [54] citing as a primary source the 1945 publication by Arna Bontemps and Jack Conroy titled They Seek A City.[55] Authors have likewise cited E. U. Essien-Udom for this proposition every bit well.[56] In his 1962 volume Black Nationalism: The Search for an Identity, Essien-Udom wrote:

"Noble Drew Ali was shot and stabbed in his offices at the Unity Guild in Chicago on the night of March 15, 1929 … He was eventually released on bond, simply a few weeks later, he died nether mysterious circumstances. Some people claim that he died from injuries inflicted by the police force while he was in jail. Others, however, suggest that he was killed by [Sheik Claude] Greene'due south partisans. For some time, one W. D. Fard assumed leadership of the Moorish movement. According to Bontemps and Conroy, Fard claimed that he was the reincarnation of Noble Drew Ali. Past 1930 a permanent separate adult in the motility. One faction, the Moors, remains faithful to Noble Drew Ali, and the other, which is now led by Elijah Muhammad, remains true-blue to Prophet Fard (Master Wallace Fard Muhammad). However, Government minister Malcolm 10 and other leaders of the Nation of Islam take emphatically denied any past connexion whatsoever of Elijah Muhammad, Master Wallace Fard Muhammad, or their movement with Nobel Drew Ali's Moorish American Scientific discipline Temple."[57]

On the question of a connectedness between the Nation of Islam and the Moorish Science Temple of America, Beynon wrote:

"Awakened already to a consciousness of race discrimination, these migrants from the South came into contact with militant movements among northern Negroes. Practically none of them had been in the N prior to the collapse of the Marcus Garvey movement. A few of them had come under the influence of the Moorish-American cult which succeeded it. The issue of both these movements upon the future members of the Nation of Islam was largely indirect. Garvey taught the Negroes that their homeland was Federal democratic republic of ethiopia. The Noble Drew Ali, the prophet of the Moorish-Americans, proclaimed that these people were 'descendants of Morrocans [Moroccans]'."[58]

Beynon also wrote: "The prophet's message was characterized by his ability to employ to the fullest mensurate the surroundings of his followers. Their physical and economic difficulties alike were used to illustrate the new education. Similarly, biblical prophecies and the teachings of Marcus Garvey and Noble Drew Ali were cited every bit foretelling the coming of the new prophet".[20]

Relationship with Elijah Muhammad [edit]

With regard to Elijah Muhammad, Beynon's commodity stated: "From among the larger group of Muslims in that location has sprung recently an fifty-fifty more militant branch than the Nation of Islam itself. This new movement, known as the Temple People, identifies the prophet, Mr. W. D. Fard, with the God, Allah. To Mr. Fard solitary practice they offer prayer and sacrifice. Since Mr. Fard has been deified, the Temple People raise to the rank of prophet the sometime Minister of Islam, Elijah Mohammed, now a resident of Chicago. He is always referred to reverently equally the 'Prophet Elijah in Chicago.'"[59]

Elijah Muhammad, who led the Nation of Islam from 1934 to 1975, heard Fard teach for the first time in 1931.[60] Elijah Muhammad stated that he and Fard became inseparable between 1931 and 1934, where he felt "jailed nigh" due to the amount of time that they spent together with Fard educational activity him day and dark.[60]

A handwritten lesson written by Fard states:

"Twelve Leaders of Islam from all over the Planet have conferred in the Root of Civilization concerning the Lost-Found Nation of Islam – must render to their original Country. One of the Briefing Members by the proper name of Mr. Osman Sharrieff said to the Eleven Members of the Conference: 'The Lost-Plant Nation of Islam will not return to their original Land unless they, first, accept a thorough Knowledge of their own.' So they sent a Messenger to them of their own. Now, the Messenger and his Laborers worked twenty-four hours and night for the last three and one-one-half years, and their accomplishments are approximately twenty-five chiliad..."[25]

In this lesson, Fard places the number of converts obtained in Detroit at 25,000, and he describes a "Messenger" sent to the "Lost-Found Nation of Islam" who is "of their own".[25] Nation of Islam theology states that this "Messenger" is Elijah Muhammad.[61]

Fard wrote, in his instructions to the leaders of his community, that they should "copy the Answers of Lesson of Minister Elijah Muhammad."[25] He went on to state: "Why is Stress made to the Muslims to Copy, the Minister, Elijah Muhammad'south Answers? The past History shows that the ALMIGHTY ALLAH sends Prophets and Apostles for the people's Guide and Example, and through them HIS Mystery was Revealed. And those who follow the Apostle would run into the Calorie-free."[25]

Fard wrote several lessons which are read and committed to retention past members of the Nation of Islam.[25] [Notation 2] Some of the lessons are in the form of questions asked by Fard to Elijah Muhammad.[25] One such lesson concludes with the text: "This Lesson No. 2 was given by our Prophet, W.D. Fard, which contains 40 questions answered by Elijah Muhammad, one of the lost found in the wilderness of Northward America Feb 20th, 1934."[25]

Credo [edit]

Beynon described the substance of Fard'southward teaching as follows:

"The black men in North America are not Negroes, only members of the lost tribe of Shabazz, stolen past traders from the Holy Urban center of Mecca 379 years ago. The prophet came to America to find and to bring back to life his long lost brethren, from whom the Caucasians had taken abroad their linguistic communication, their nation and their religion. Here in America they were living other than themselves. They must learn that they are the original people, noblest of the nations of the earth. The Caucasians are the colored people, since they have lost their original colour. The original people must regain their religion, which is Islam, their language, which is Arabic, and their culture, which is astronomy and college mathematics, especially calculus. They must alive co-ordinate to the law of Allah, avoiding all meat of 'toxicant animals', hogs, ducks, geese, possums and catfish. They must give up completely the use of stimulants, especially liquor. They must clean themselves up – both their bodies and their houses. If in this manner they obeyed Allah, he would have them dorsum to the Paradise from which they had been stolen – the Holy City of Mecca."[62]

Fard's lessons actually country that the "traders" referenced by Beynon, came to Africa, not Mecca.[63]

Modernistic Nation of Islam theology is based upon the belief that Fard's instruction of Elijah Muhammad was fulfillment of scripture regarding God's teaching of an Apostle, where Fard is described as "God in Person", the "Messiah", and the "Mahdi".[64] [65] Fard wrote the following for his followers:

"[T]he LESSONS that OUR SAVIOUR (ALLAH) gave us to Report and Learn is the Fulfillment of the Prophecies of All the Former Prophets apropos the Start of the Devils, and the Ending of the Culture, and of our Enslavement past the Devils, and Present Time of our Delivery from the Devils past OUR SAVIOUR (ALLAH). PRAISE HIS HOLY NAME! There is No God just ALLAH. How that ALLAH would carve up u.s. from the Devils and, then destroy them; and Modify us into a New and Perfect People; and Make full the Earth with FREEDOM, JUSTICE and EQUALITY as information technology was filled with wickedness; and Making we, the Poor Lost-Founds, the Perfect RULERS."[25]

In his 1965 volume Message to the Blackman in America, which is a compilation of manufactures written by Elijah Muhammad for newspapers throughout the early part of his Ministry, he summarized what Fard taught him as follows:

"He began education us the cognition of ourselves, of God and the devil, of the measurement of the world, of other planets, and of the civilization of some of the planets other than earth. ... He measured and weighed the globe and its h2o; the history of the moon; the history of the two nations, blackness and white, that dominate the earth. He gave the exact birth of the white race; the name of their God who made them and how; and the terminate of their time, the judgment, how it will begin and end. ... He taught us the truth of how we were fabricated 'slaves' and how we are kept in slavery by the 'slave-masters″ children. He declared the doom of America, for her evils to u.s.a. was past due. And that she is number ane to be destroyed. Her judgment could not accept place until we hear the truth. ... He declared that nosotros were without the knowledge of self or anyone else. How we had been fabricated blind, deaf and dumb by this white race of people and how we must return to our people, our God and His religion of peace (Islam), the religion of the prophets. We must give up the slave names of our slave-masters and have the name of Allah (God) or i of His divine attributes. He too taught us to surrender all evil doings and practices and do righteousness or exist destroyed from the face of the earth. He taught us that the slave-masters had taught u.s. to eat the wrong food and that this is the cause of our sickness and brusque bridge of life. He declared that he would heal usa and set u.s.a. in heaven at once, if we would submit to Him. Otherwise he would chastise us with a astringent chastisement until we did submit. And that He was able to force the whole earth into submission to his will. He said that he loved the states (the and then-called Negroes), his lost and institute, so well that he would eat rattlesnakes to free u.s. if necessary, for he has power over all things."[26] Wallace Fard Muhammad loved the black people of the Us of America.

Role of Fard's didactics likewise involved admiration for Japan.[66] He was linked to the Pacific Move of the Eastern World and Japanese agitators such equally Satokata Takahashi, and Ashima Takis.[67] The FBI charged that Takahashi had been an influential presence in the Nation of Islam. He spoke as a guest at the NOI temples in Detroit and Chicago.[68]

In popular civilisation [edit]

Fard appears in the novel Middlesex, by Jeffrey Eugenides, in which Fard'southward Detroit Temple No. 1 is the location setting for several scenes in the book.

Fard and his teachings are also referenced in many hip-hop songs. Artists who have made references inside their music include Jay-Z ("I'k going to chase the Yacub back in the cave"[69]), Jay Electronica ("Lost tribe of Shabazz stylin' on the record", "The son of W.D., who hung effectually in the D, Who ran around in the three, The trap gods raised me, Face all on the Sphinx, Story all in the wall of the pyramids, Niggas know the Black God saved me"[69]), Make Nubian ("This asiatic black man is a dog spelled backwards, The maker, the possessor, the cream of the planet earth, Father of civilization, God of the universe, Manifestin thought with my infinite styles, Making sure this travels xx-iii meg miles, The other six I set the crucifix, Because the heart of the problem is this...."[70]), and Ras Kass in the song "Riiiot" ("Now I got niggas claiming they saw God unfortunately, he wasn't in the person of Master Fard Muhammad").[71]

Meet also [edit]

  • God complex
  • List of people who disappeared
  • List of people who have been considered deities

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Beynon stated that Fard's position on man cede "was never made clear."
  2. ^ Beynon refers to some of the lessons by Fard as an "oral tradition" that was recorded at the Academy of Islam as the "Undercover Ritual of the Nation of Islam." See Beynon (1938), p. 898. Authors have afterward attributed a text of this championship to Fard. See Evanzz, supra at 81. However, Fard'south lessons were individually written lessons later compiled in a single publication. See Muhammad (1993). Language attributed to Fard past author Karl Evanzz does not appear in whatsoever of the individually written lessons.

References [edit]

  1. ^ "North.O.I. Founder, Wallace D. Fard born". African American Registry.
  2. ^ "Wallace D. Fard – American religious leader". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  3. ^ Knight, Michael Muhammad (26 February 2013). Dubuc, Nancy; Smith, Shane (eds.). "Remembering Master Fard Muhammad". Vice News. New York City, New York, United States: Vice Media. Archived from the original on 17 Apr 2021. Retrieved 31 Jan 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d Bowen, Patrick D. (21 March 2013). "'The Colored Genius': Lucius Lehman and the Californian Roots of Modern African-American Islam". The Graduate Journal of Harvard Divinity School. Boston, Massachusetts, The states: Harvard University. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  5. ^ Fanusie, Fatimah Abdul-Tawwab (2008). Fard Muhammad in historical context: An Islamic thread in the American religious and cultural quilt (PhD). Washington, D.C., Us: Howard University. OCLC 488985857.
  6. ^ Morrow 2019, p. one-35, Chapter 1. Issues of Origin.
  7. ^ The years 1891 and 1893 have both been cited by sources relying upon FBI records primarily. The FBI file on Fard provides both dates for individuals suspected (only never confirmed) to be Fard. The FBI file states: "Our investigation of the NOI and Fard failed to establish his nascency date and nativity place." Fard reportedly claimed to have been born in 1877. Most sources in the Nation of Islam claim that he hailed from The Holy City Mecca in Saudi arabia[iv] [5] [6]
  8. ^ a b Kavanaugh, Kelli B. (5 March 2003). Williams, Ron; Heron, W. Kim (eds.). "Mystery homo". Detroit Metro Times. Detroit, Michigan, United States: Euclid Media Group, LLC. ISSN 0746-4045. OCLC 10024235. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  9. ^ a b Morrow 2019, p. xii, Foreword by Dennis Walker.
  10. ^ MacFarquhar, Neil (26 February 2007). Sulzberger, A.Thou.; Baquet, Dean; Kahn, Joseph (eds.). "Nation of Islam at a crossroad equally leader exits". The New York Times. New York City, New York, United States. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522.
  11. ^ "About Saviours' Mean solar day". NOI.org Official Website. 2019-01-03. Retrieved 2020-08-ten .
  12. ^ Warikoo, Niraj (23 February 2020). Bhatia, Peter; Delgado, Anjanette; Hill, James G. (eds.). "Louis Farrakhan says billionaires 'paying off' blackness preachers, politicians". Detroit Free Printing. Detroit, Michigan, United States: Gannett. ISSN 1055-2758. OCLC 474189830. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  13. ^ Warikoo, Niraj (23 February 2020). Bhatia, Peter; Delgado, Anjanette; Hill, James Thou. (eds.). "Nation of Islam resonates in Detroit as it returns domicile for convention". Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan, United States: Gannett. ISSN 1055-2758. OCLC 474189830. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  14. ^ Williams, Armstrong (5 October 2015). Cusack, Bob; Swanson, Ian; McCafferty, Rory (eds.). "The Nation of Islam could be Chicago'southward savior". The Hill. Washington, D.C., United States: Nexstar Media Group. ISSN 1521-1568. OCLC 31153202. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021.
  15. ^ Dickerson, Debra (6 January 2000). Talbot, David; Keane, Erin (eds.). "False prophet". Salon.com. Salon.com, LLC. OCLC 43916723. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 31 Jan 2022.
  16. ^ Beynon (1938), pp. 893–907
  17. ^ a b Beynon (1938), p. 896
  18. ^ Beynon (1938), pp. 894–95
  19. ^ a b Beynon (1938), p. 895
  20. ^ a b c Beynon (1938), p. 900
  21. ^ Beynon (1938), pp. 903–04
  22. ^ Beynon (1938), p. 904
  23. ^ a b Beynon (1938), p. 897
  24. ^ a b c d Beynon (1938), p. 902
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i Muhammad (1993)
  26. ^ a b Muhammad (1965), pp. 16–17
  27. ^ "Coverage Of "The Voodoo Murders" — Mythic Detroit". www.mythicdetroit.org . Retrieved 2020-08-10 .
  28. ^ Morrow 2019, p. 111-155, Affiliate three: Who Was Due west.D. Fard?.
  29. ^ Evanzz 2011, p. 445, Appendices: A. Reported Aliases of the Messenger and of Wallace D. Ford.
  30. ^ a b Evanzz 2011, p. 409-414, 18. Keys to the Kingdom.
  31. ^ Evanzz 2011, p. Xvi-XVII, Preface.
  32. ^ Evanzz 2011, p. 399, 18. Keys to the Kingdom.
  33. ^ Gibson (2012), pp. 24–25
  34. ^ "FamilySearch.org". FamilySearch.
  35. ^ 1920 Federal U.Due south. Census, Los Angeles City, Enumeration District 206, Sheet 10B
  36. ^ California State Board of Health, County of Orangish, Certificate of Marriage, Local Registered No. 1768, as located in "California, Canton Marriages, 1850–1952", index and images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.ane.1/K8FM-5FP: accessed Jan five, 2013), Wallie Dodd Ford and Carmen Frevino, 1924.
  37. ^ FBI File SAC (25-20607) at 476
  38. ^ FBI File SAC (100-26356) at 451–473, SAC Chicago (100-33683)
  39. ^ a b U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). FBI Documents on Wallace Fard Muhammad.
  40. ^ a b FBI File SAC LA (105–4805) at 135
  41. ^ FBI File Managing director FBI (105-63642) at 248, SAC Chicago (100-33683)
  42. ^ "Wallace Fard Muhammed Part 2 of 7". Federal Bureau of Investigation. : twoscore, 74, 120, 123
  43. ^ FBI File SAC (100-43165-16)
  44. ^ FBI report CG 100-3386, p. 2. "FBI report CG 100-3386", FBI Records: The Vault; retrieved October xiv, 2015.
  45. ^ a b c Evanzz 2011, p. 204-205, ten. Compromised.
  46. ^ FBI File Managing director, FBI (25-330971) at 258, SAC Chicago (100-35635)
  47. ^ Evanzz 2011, p. 264, 12. Sons and Lovers.
  48. ^ "Black Muslim Founder Exposed Equally White", Los Angeles Evening Herald-Examiner, July 28, 1963
  49. ^ FBI File SAC (25-330971-26)
  50. ^ "Principal W. Fard Muhammad and FBI COINTELPRO". NOI.org Official Website. 2018-09-12. Retrieved 2020-08-10 .
  51. ^ Morrow 2019, p. 1-35, Chapter i: Issues of Origin.
  52. ^ Arian, A.K. (4 Apr 2017). Chameleon: The Truthful Story of W.D. Fard (1 ed.). Xis Books. ISBN978-0977911257.
  53. ^ Evanzz 2011, p. 69, 3. Paradise Lost.
  54. ^ Evanzz 2011, p. 673, Index.
  55. ^ Bontemps & Conroy (1945)
  56. ^ Essien-Udom (1995), p. 35
  57. ^ Essien-Udom (1995), pp. 35–36
  58. ^ Beynon (1938), p. 898
  59. ^ Beynon (1938), pp. 906–07
  60. ^ a b Muhammad, Elijah (1964), Celebrated 1964 Buzz Anderson Interview, The Final Call
  61. ^ Muhammad, Jabril (1993) This is The I The Most Honored Elijah Muhammad Nosotros Need Not Look For Another, Vol. 1
  62. ^ Beynon (1938), pp. 900–01
  63. ^ Muhammad (1993), p. 12
  64. ^ Muhammad (1965), p. 164
  65. ^ Muhammad (1993), p. 3
  66. ^ Gallicchio, Marc S. (2000). "iv. The Rise of the Black Internationale". The African American Encounter with Japan and China: Black Internationalism in Asia, 1895-1945. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.s.a.: Academy of Due north Carolina Press. ISBN9780807860687. OCLC 43334134 – via Google Books.
  67. ^ Evanzz 2011, p. 105-108, v. Bitter Fruit.
  68. ^ Allen Jr., Ernest (21 Dec 1994). Chude-Sokei, Louis (ed.). "When Nippon Was "Champion of the Darker Races": Satokata Takahashi and the Flowering of Black Messianic Nationalism" (PDF). The Black Scholar. San Francisco, California, U.s.a.: Boston University/Routledge. 24 (1): 23–46. doi:x.1080/00064246.1994.11413118. ISSN 0006-4246 – via Scribd.
  69. ^ a b Jay Z & Jay Electronica, "Nosotros Made Information technology"
  70. ^ Make Nubian, "Wake Up"
  71. ^ Chino Forty ft/ Ras Kass – "Riiiot"

Bibliography [edit]

  • Morrow, John Andrew (2019). Finding Westward.D. Fard: Unveiling the Identity of the Founder of the Nation of Islam. Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN9781527524897 – via Google Books.
  • Arian, A.K. (2017). Chameleon: The True Story of W.D. Fard. Xis Books. ISBN978-0977911257.
  • Beynon, Erdmann Doane (1 May 1938). "The Voodoo Cult amid Negro migrants in Detroit". American Journal of Folklore. 43 (6): 894–907. doi:ten.1086/217872. JSTOR 2768686. S2CID 144039917.
  • Bontemps, Arna; Conroy, Jack (1945). "Dear and scattered millions". They Seek a City. Doubleday, Doran and Company. ASIN B0007E2JSU. OCLC 1444797.
  • Essien-Udom, Due east.U. (1995). Black Nationalism: the Search for an Identity. Chicago, Illinois, Usa: University of Chicago Printing. ISBN9780226218533.
  • Evanzz, Karl (2011) [1999]. The Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad (3 ed.). New York Metropolis, New York, United States: Knopf Doubleday. ISBN9780307805201 – via Google Books.
  • Gibson, Dawn-Marie (2012). A History of the Nation of Islam: Race, Islam, and the Quest for Freedom . Praeger. ISBN978-0-313-39807-0.
  • Hakim, Nasir (1996). The True History of Principal Fard Muhammad. Secretaries MEMPS Ministries. ISBNone-884855-78-4.
  • Muhammad, Elijah (1965). Bulletin to the Blackman in America . Muhammad's Temple No two. ISBN978-1-929594-01-half-dozen.
  • Muhammad, Fard (1993). The Supreme Wisdom Lessons by Master Fard Muhammad: to His Retainer, The Honorable Elijah Muhammad for The Lost-Institute Nation of Islam in Northward America (PDF). ISBN978-1442165403.

External links [edit]

  • FBI file on Wallace Fard
  • Historical Analysis of FBI's COINTELPRO AND W. Fard Muhammad

olivarezinesepark.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad

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