Contact Speaker of the Us House of Representatives

Presiding officer of the U.s. Firm of Representatives

Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
Seal of the speaker
Flag of the speaker
Incumbent Nancy Pelosi since January iii, 2019
United states House of Representatives
Fashion	Madam Speaker (breezy) The Honorable (formal)
Condition	Presiding officeholder
Seat	United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.
Nominator	Major parties (commonly)
Appointer	Firm of Representatives
Term length	At the House's pleasance; elected at the showtime of the new Congress by a majority of the representatives-elect, and upon a vacancy during a Congress.[1]
Constituting musical instrument	United States Constitution
Formation	March 4, 1789; 232 years ago  (1789-03-04)
First holder	Frederick Muhlenberg April 1, 1789
Succession	Second (iii UsaC. § nineteen)[2]
Deputy	Assistant Speaker of the House of Representatives (Democratic Political party usage simply)
Salary	$223,500 annually[3]
Website	speaker.gov

The speaker of the United states of america House of Representatives, commonly known as the speaker of the House, is the presiding officer of the Us House of Representatives. The part was established in 1789 by Article I, Department 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the Business firm of Representatives and is simultaneously the House's presiding officeholder, de facto leader of the body's bulk party, and the institution's administrative caput. Speakers as well perform various other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the Business firm from the majority party. Neither does the speaker regularly participate in flooring debates.

The Constitution does not require the speaker to exist an incumbent fellow member of the House of Representatives, although every speaker thus far has been.^[4] The speaker is second in the Usa presidential line of succession, after the vice president and ahead of the president pro tempore of the Senate.^[2]

The electric current Business firm speaker is Democrat Nancy Pelosi of California. She was elected to a 4th (second sequent) term as speaker on January 3, 2021, the first day of the 117th Congress. She has led the Autonomous Party in the House since 2003, and is the first woman to serve as speaker.^[v]

Selection [edit]

The House elects its speaker at the start of a new Congress (i.east. biennially, afterward a general election) or when a speaker dies, resigns or is removed from the position intra-term. Since 1839, the House has elected speakers by roll call vote.^[6] Traditionally, each political party's conclave or briefing selects a candidate for the speakership from among its senior leaders prior to the scroll call. Representatives are not restricted to voting for the candidate nominated past their party, merely generally do, equally the outcome of the election effectively determines which party has the majority and consequently will organize the Business firm.^[7] As the Constitution does not explicitly state that the speaker must be an incumbent member of the Business firm, it is permissible for representatives to vote for someone who is not a member of the House at the time, and not-members have received a few votes in diverse speaker elections over the past several years.^[viii] Every person elected speaker, yet, has been a member.^[7]

Representatives who choose to vote for someone other than their party's nominated candidate ordinarily vote for someone else in their party or vote "present". Anyone who votes for the other party'due south candidate would face up serious consequences, as was the case when Democrat Jim Traficant voted for Republican Dennis Hastert in 2001 (107th Congress). In response, the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his commission posts.^[ix]

To be elected speaker, a candidate must receive a majority of the votes bandage. If no candidate wins a bulk, the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected.^[vii] Multiple roll calls have been necessary only 14 times (out of 126 speakership elections) since 1789; and non since 1923 (68th Congress), when a closely divided House needed nine ballots to elect Frederick H. Gillett speaker.^[one] Upon winning election the new speaker is immediately sworn in by the dean of the United States House of Representatives, the chamber's longest-serving fellow member.^{[10] [11]}

History [edit]

Henry Clay (1811–1814, 1815–1820, 1823–1825) used his influence as speaker to ensure the passage of measures he favored

The first speaker of the House, Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania, was elected to office on April 1, 1789, the day the Business firm organized itself at the get-go of the 1st Congress. He served two non-consecutive terms in the speaker'south chair, 1789–1791 (1st Congress) and 1793–1795 (3rd Congress).^[12]

Equally the Constitution does non state the duties of the speaker, the speaker's part has largely been shaped by traditions and community that evolved over fourth dimension. Scholars are divided every bit to whether early speakers played largely formalism and impartial roles or whether they were more active partisan actors.^[13]

From early in its existence, the speaker's main function had been to go along order and enforce rules. The speakership was transformed into a position with power over the legislative process under Henry Dirt (1811–1814, 1815–1820, and 1823–1825).^{[14] [15]} In contrast to many of his predecessors, Clay participated in several debates and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported—for instance, the declaration of the War of 1812, and various laws relating to Dirt's "American System" economic programme. Furthermore, when no candidate received an Electoral College majority in the 1824 presidential ballot, causing the president to be elected by the House, Speaker Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson, thereby ensuring Adams' victory. Post-obit Clay's retirement in 1825, the ability of the speakership once once again began to decline, despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter. As the Civil War approached, several sectional factions nominated their ain candidates, often making it difficult for whatsoever candidate to attain a majority. In 1855 and once again in 1859, for example, the contest for speaker lasted for two months before the Firm achieved a result. Speakers tended to have very short tenures during this flow. For instance, from 1839 to 1863 in that location were eleven speakers, just 1 of whom served for more than i term. To date, James 1000. Polk is the only speaker of the House who was subsequently elected president of the U.s..

Towards the end of the 19th century, the office of speaker began to develop into a very powerful one. At the time, i of the most important sources of the speaker's power was his position as Chairman of the Committee on Rules, which, after the reorganization of the committee arrangement in 1880, became i of the most powerful continuing committees of the House. Furthermore, several speakers became leading figures in their political parties; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall, John Griffin Carlisle, and Charles F. Well-baked, and Republicans James G. Blaine, Thomas Brackett Reed, and Joseph Gurney Cannon.

The power of the speaker was greatly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed (1889–1891, 1895–1899). "Arbiter Reed", as he was chosen past his opponents,^[sixteen] sought to terminate the obstruction of bills by the minority, in particular by countering the tactic known equally the "disappearing quorum".^[17] Past refusing to vote on a motion, the minority could ensure that a quorum would not be accomplished and that the issue would be invalid. Reed, however, alleged that members who were in the bedchamber simply refused to vote would still count for the purposes of determining a quorum. Through these and other rulings, Reed ensured that the Democrats could not block the Republican agenda.

The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (1903–1911). Cannon exercised extraordinary control over the legislative process. He determined the agenda of the House, appointed the members of all committees, chose committee chairmen, headed the Rules Commission, and determined which commission heard each beak. He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed by the House. In 1910, notwithstanding, Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers, including the power to name committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Commission.^[18] Fifteen years later, Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much, but not all, of the lost influence of the position.

Sam Rayburn (1940–1947; 1949–1953; and 1955–1961) was the longest serving speaker

One of the nearly influential speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn.^[nineteen] Rayburn had the near cumulative time equally speaker in history, holding office from 1940 to 1947, 1949 to 1953, and 1955 to 1961. He helped shape many bills, working quietly in the background with House committees. He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and foreign assistance programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman.

Rayburn's successor, Democrat John West. McCormack (served 1962–1971), was a somewhat less influential speaker, specially because of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Party. During the mid-1970s, the ability of the speakership once again grew under Democrat Carl Albert. The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent console, as it had been since 1910. Instead, information technology once again became an arm of the party leadership. Moreover, in 1975, the speaker was granted the authority to appoint a majority of the members of the Rules Committee. Meanwhile, the power of committee chairmen was curtailed, farther increasing the relative influence of the speaker.

Albert'south successor, Democrat Tip O'Neill, was a prominent speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan. O'Neill is the longest continually serving speaker, from 1977 through 1987. He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense force expenditures. Republicans made O'Neill the target of their election campaigns in 1980 and 1982 just Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years.

The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when, after spending forty years in the minority, the Republicans regained command of the House with the "Contract with America", an thought spearheaded past Minority Whip Newt Gingrich. Speaker Gingrich would regularly clash with Democratic President Nib Clinton, leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996, in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed. Gingrich's agree on the leadership was weakened significantly past that and several other controversies, and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997. After the Republicans lost House seats in 1998 (although retaining a bulk) he did non represent a third term equally speaker. His successor, Dennis Hastert, had been chosen every bit a compromise candidate since the other Republicans in the leadership were more than controversial. Hastert played a much less prominent role than other contemporary speakers, being overshadowed by House Majority Leader Tom Filibuster and President George W. Bush. The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced bulk but made small gains in 2002 and 2004. The periods of 2001–2002 and 2003–2007 were the get-go times since 1953–1955 that there was single-party Republican leadership in Washington, interrupted from 2001 to 2003 every bit Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to get independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to requite them a 51–49 majority.

In the 2006 midterm elections, the Democrats won a majority in the Firm. Nancy Pelosi became speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, making her the first woman to hold the office. With the election of Barack Obama as president and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress, Pelosi became the kickoff speaker since Tom Foley to hold the part during single-party Autonomous leadership in Washington.^[20] During the 111th Congress, Pelosi was the driving force backside several of Obama's major initiatives that proved controversial, and the Republicans campaigned against the Democrats' legislation past staging a "Fire Pelosi" bus tour^[21] and regained command of the Business firm in the 2010 midterm elections.^[22]

John Boehner was elected speaker when the 112th Congress convened on January v, 2011, and was subsequently re-elected twice, at the get-go of the 113th and 114th Congresses. On both of those occasions his remaining in role was threatened by the defection of several members from his own party who chose not to vote for him.^{[23] [24]} Boehner's tenure as speaker, which ended when he resigned from Congress in October 2015, was marked by multiple battles with the conservatives in his own political party related to "Obama Care," appropriations, among other political issues.^[25] This intra-party discord continued under Boehner's successor, Paul Ryan.

Following the 2022 midterm elections which saw the election of a Autonomous Party majority in the Firm of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi was elected speaker when the 116th Congress convened on January three, 2019. When Republican leader John Boehner succeeded her equally speaker in 2011, Pelosi remained the leader of the Democratic Party in the House of Representatives and served as House minority leader for eight years before she led her party to victory in the 2022 elections. In improver to existence the first adult female to hold the office, Pelosi became the first speaker to return to power since Sam Rayburn in the 1950s.^[26]

Notable elections [edit]

Speaker Nancy Pelosi (correct) with Vice President Dick Cheney behind President George W. Bush at the 2007 Country of the Union Accost making history every bit the beginning woman to sit behind the podium at such an address. President Bush acknowledged this by get-go his speech with the words, "Tonight, I have a high privilege and distinct honor of my own — as the kickoff president to begin the State of the Matrimony bulletin with these words: Madam Speaker".^[27]

Historically, there take been several controversial elections to the speakership, such every bit the contest of 1839. In that case, even though the 26th United states of america Congress convened on December two, the Business firm could not brainstorm the speakership ballot until December 14 considering of an election dispute in New Jersey known every bit the "Broad Seal War". Two rival delegations, 1 Whig and the other Democrat, had been certified equally elected past different branches of the New Bailiwick of jersey government. The problem was compounded past the fact that the result of the dispute would determine whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the majority. Neither party agreed to permit a speakership ballot with the opposite party's delegation participating. Finally, it was agreed to exclude both delegations from the election and a speaker was finally called on Dec 17.

Another, more prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th United States Congress. The old Whig Party had collapsed but no single party had emerged to supplant it. Candidates opposing the Democrats had run under a bewildering variety of labels, including Whig, Republican, American (Know Nothing), and simply "Opposition". By the time Congress actually met in December 1855, most of the northerners were full-bodied together every bit Republicans, while most of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Zero label. Opponents of the Democrats held a bulk in Firm, with the party makeup of the 234 representatives being 83 Democrats, 108 Republicans, and 43 Know Nothings (primarily southern oppositionists). The Democratic minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois as speaker, simply because of sectional distrust, the diverse oppositionists were unable to agree on a single candidate for speaker. The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentice Banks of Massachusetts, who had been elected as a Know Goose egg just was now largely identified with the Republicans. The southern Know Nothings supported first Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky, and and so Henry G. Fuller of Pennsylvania. The voting went on for almost ii months with no candidate able to secure a majority, until it was finally agreed to elect the speaker past plurality vote, and Banks was elected.^[28] The House constitute itself in a similar dilemma when the 36th Congress met in Dec 1859. Although the Republicans held a plurality, the Republican candidate, John Sherman, was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views, and one time again the House was unable to elect a speaker. Afterwards Democrats allied with southern oppositionists to most elect the N Carolina oppositionist William N. H. Smith, Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Jersey, a onetime Whig of unclear partisan loyalties, who was finally elected speaker on Feb ane, 1860.^[29]

The final fourth dimension that an election for speaker went beyond one ballot was in December 1923 at the start of the 68th Congress, when Republican Frederick H. Gillett needed nine ballots to win reelection. Progressive Republicans had refused to back up Gillett in the first eight ballots. Only after winning concessions from Republican briefing leaders (a seat on the House Rules Committee and a pledge that requested House rules changes would be considered) did they concur to support him.^{[30] [31]}

In 1997, several Republican congressional leaders tried to strength Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign. However, Gingrich refused since that would have required a new ballot for speaker, which could have led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt (and so minority leader) as speaker. After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats, Gingrich did not correspond re-election. The adjacent two figures in the House Republican leadership hierarchy, Majority Leader Richard Armey and Bulk Whip Tom Delay chose non to run for the function. The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, Bob Livingston, declared his bid for the speakership, which was unopposed, making him speaker-designate. It was then revealed, by Livingston himself, who had been publicly critical of President Bill Clinton'south perjury during his sexual harassment trial, that he had engaged in an extramarital affair. He opted to resign from the House, despite being urged to stay on by Business firm Autonomous leader Gephardt. After, the main deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as speaker. The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 elections.

The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections. On Nov xvi, 2006, Nancy Pelosi, who was and then minority leader, was selected every bit speaker-designate by Firm Democrats.^[32] When the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, she was elected as the 52nd speaker past a vote of 233–202, becoming the outset adult female elected speaker of the House.^[33] Pelosi remained speaker through the 111th Congress.

Almost recent election for speaker (2021) [edit]

The most recent election for House speaker took place January three, 2021, on the opening day of the 117th United states Congress, two months after the 2022 House elections in which the Democrats won a bulk of the seats. Incumbent speaker, Democrat Nancy Pelosi, secured a narrow majority of the 427 votes cast and was elected to a 4th (second consecutive) term. She received 216 votes to Republican Kevin McCarthy'south 209 votes, with two votes going to other persons; as well, three representatives answered present when their names were called.^[34]

Partisan role [edit]

Paul Ryan taking the adjuration of role upon becoming speaker on October 29, 2015

The Constitution does not spell out the political role of the speaker. As the role has developed historically, however, it has taken on a clearly partisan bandage, very dissimilar from the speakership of well-nigh Westminster-way legislatures, such every bit the speaker of the Britain's House of Commons, which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan. The speaker in the U.s., by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the Business firm of Representatives, outranking the majority leader. All the same, despite having the right to vote, the speaker unremarkably does not participate in debate.

The speaker is responsible for ensuring that the Firm passes legislation supported past the majority political party. In pursuing this goal, the speaker may use their power to decide when each bill reaches the flooring. They too chair the majority party'south steering committee in the House. While the speaker is the functioning head of the House majority party, the same is not true of the president pro tempore of the Senate, whose office is primarily ceremonial and honorary.

When the speaker and the president vest to the same party, the speaker tends to play the part in a more formalism light, as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very restrained role during the presidency of beau Republican George Westward. Bush. Nevertheless, when the speaker and the president vest to the same party, at that place are also times that the speaker plays a much larger role, and the speaker is tasked, e.g., with pushing through the agenda of the majority party, oftentimes at the expense of the minority opposition. This can be seen, most of all, in the speakership of Democratic-Republican Henry Clay, who personally ensured the presidential victory of swain Autonomous-Republican John Quincy Adams. Democrat Sam Rayburn was a cardinal thespian in the passing of New Deal legislation nether the presidency of fellow Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (under Theodore Roosevelt) was peculiarly infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authorization to the speakership. In more recent times, Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a part in continuing the push for health care reform during the presidency of fellow Democrat Barack Obama.^[35]

On the other hand, when the speaker and the president belong to opposite parties, the public role and influence of the speaker tend to increase. As the highest-ranking member of the opposition political party (and de facto leader of the opposition), the speaker is unremarkably the chief public opponent of the president's agenda. In this scenario, the speaker is known for undercutting the president's agenda by blocking measures by the minority party or rejecting bills by the Senate. Ane famous instance came in the form of Thomas Brackett Reed (nether Grover Cleveland), a speaker notorious for his successful attempt to forcefulness the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had clear majorities, which ensured that Cleveland'due south Democrats were in no position to challenge the Republicans in the House. Joseph Cannon was particularly unique in that he led the conservative "Sometime Guard" wing of the Republican Party, while his president – Theodore Roosevelt – was of the more progressive clique, and more than just marginalizing the Democrats, Cannon used his power to punish the dissidents in his party and obstruct the progressive wing of the Republican Political party.

More modern examples include Tip O'Neill, who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan's economical and defence force policies; Newt Gingrich, who fought a bitter battle with President Bill Clinton for command of domestic policy; Nancy Pelosi, who argued with President George W. Bush over the Iraq State of war;^[22] John Boehner, who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget problems and health intendance;^[36] and one time once more, Nancy Pelosi, who refused to support Donald Trump over funding for a border wall.^[37]

Presiding officeholder [edit]

Equally presiding officer of the House of Representatives, the speaker holds a variety of powers over the House and is ceremonially the highest-ranking legislative official in the US authorities.^[38] The speaker may delegate their powers to a fellow member of the House to act equally speaker pro tempore and to preside over the House in the speaker'southward absence; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a member of the same party.^[39] During important debates, the speaker pro tempore is usually a senior member of the bulk party who may exist chosen for his or her skill in presiding. At other times, more junior members may be assigned to preside to give them feel with the rules and procedures of the House. The speaker may likewise designate, with approval of the House, a speaker pro tempore for special purposes, such as designating a representative whose district is near Washington, D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses.

Under the rules of the House, the speaker, "as soon as practicable subsequently the election of the speaker and whenever advisable thereafter", must deliver to the clerk of the House a confidential listing of members who are designated to act as speaker in the example of a vacancy or physical inability of the speaker to perform their duties.^[40]

On the floor of the House, the presiding officeholder is e'er addressed every bit "Mister Speaker" or "Madam Speaker", even if that person is serving every bit speaker pro tempore. When the Firm resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole, the speaker designates a fellow member to preside over the commission, who is addressed every bit "Mister Chairman" or "Madam Chairwoman". To speak, members must seek the presiding officeholder'south recognition. The presiding officeholder likewise rules on all points of order but such rulings may be appealed to the whole Business firm. The speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may club the Sergeant-at-Artillery to enforce House rules.

The speaker'due south powers and duties extend across presiding in the bedroom. In particular, the speaker has keen influence over the committee process. The speaker selects 9 of the xiii members of the powerful Commission on Rules, subject to the blessing of the entire majority party. The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining four members. Furthermore, the speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees. Moreover, when a nib is introduced, the speaker determines which committee will consider it. Equally a member of the Firm, the speaker is entitled to participate in debate and to vote. Commonly, the speaker votes only when the speaker's vote would be decisive or on matters of bully importance, such as constitutional amendments or major legislation.^[41] Under the early rules of the House, the speaker was generally barred from voting, but today the speaker has the same right equally other members to vote only only occasionally exercises it. The speaker may vote on whatsoever thing that comes earlier the Business firm, and they are required to vote where their vote would be decisive or where the Firm is engaged in voting past election.^[42]

Other functions [edit]

The speaker's office in the US Capitol, during the term of Dennis Hastert (1999–2007)

In addition to being the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives and representing their congressional district, the speaker likewise performs various other administrative and procedural functions, such as:

• Oversees the officers of the House: the clerk, the sergeant-at-arms, the chief administrative officer, and the chaplain;
• Serves as the chairperson of the House Role Building Committee;^[43]
• Appoints the House's parliamentarian,^[44] historian, general counsel, and inspector general;^[45]
• Administers the House audio and video dissemination system
• In consultation with the minority leader, tin devise a system of drug testing in the Firm.^[43] This option has never been exercised.^[46]
• Receives reports or other communications from the president, government agencies, boards, and commissions.^[43]
• Receives, forth with the president pro tempore of the Senate, written declarations that a U.S. president is unable to belch the powers and duties of his office, or is able to resume them, under Sections 3 and 4 of the Xx-fifth Amendment.^[47]

Additionally, the speaker is second in the presidential line of succession under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947, immediately after the vice president and before the president pro tempore of the Senate (who is followed by members of the president's Cabinet). Thus, if both the presidency and vice-presidency were vacant simultaneously, then the speaker would become acting president, after resigning from the Business firm and as speaker.^[48]

Ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, with its machinery for filling an intra-term vice-presidential vacancy, has made calling on the speaker, president pro tempore, or a cabinet member to serve as acting president unlikely to happen, except in the aftermath of a catastrophic event.^[48] Nevertheless, only a few years later on it went into effect, in October 1973, at the superlative of Watergate, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned. With Agnew'due south unexpected departure and the state of Richard Nixon's presidency, Speaker Carl Albert was suddenly first in line to become acting president. The vacancy continued until Gerald Ford was sworn in as vice president on December half dozen, 1973.^[49] Albert was also next in line from the fourth dimension Ford assumed the presidency on August 9, 1974, post-obit Nixon'south resignation from office, until Ford'southward selection to succeed him equally vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, was confirmed by Congress four months later.^[48]

Encounter as well [edit]

• Party leaders of the United states House of Representatives
• Party leaders of the United States Senate

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "Speaker Elections Decided by Multiple Ballots". history.business firm.gov. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
2. ^ ^{a b} Relyea, Harold C. (August v, 2005). "Continuity of Government: Current Federal Arrangements and the Future" (PDF). CRS Study for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Enquiry Service, the Library of Congress. pp. 2–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved Jan 22, 2019.
3. ^ Brudnick, Ida A. (January iv, 2012). "Congressional Salaries and Allowances" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2019. Retrieved December ii, 2012.
4. ^ Heitshusen, Valerie (May 16, 2017). The Speaker of the House: Business firm Officer, Party Leader, and Representative (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. two. Archived (PDF) from the original on January xiv, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2020. In fact, there is no requirement that the Speaker be a Member of the Business firm.
5. ^ Fram, Alan (January iii, 2021). "Pelosi narrowly reelected speaker, faces difficult 2021". AP News. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved Jan 3, 2021.
6. ^ Forte, David F. "Essays on Commodity I: Speaker of the Firm". Heritage Guide to The Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on Baronial 22, 2020. Retrieved January eleven, 2019.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Heitshusen, Valerie; Beth, Richard South. (January 4, 2019). "Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913–2019" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Enquiry Service, the Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on Jan xiv, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
8. ^ Grier, Peter (September 25, 2015). "John Boehner get out: Anyone can run for House speaker, even you". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on Nov 25, 2018. Retrieved January xi, 2019.
9. ^ Schudel, Matt (September 27, 2014). "James A. Traficant Jr., colorful Ohio congressman expelled by Business firm, dies at 73". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 12, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
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11. ^ "Ballot of the Speaker Overview". constitution.laws.com. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved January xi, 2019.
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13. ^ Peart, Daniel (2021). "Rethinking the Role of the Speaker: Power, Institutional Development, and the Myth of the "Impartial Moderator" in the Early US Business firm of Representatives". Journal of Policy History. 33 (ane): i–31. doi:x.1017/S0898030620000226. ISSN 0898-0306. S2CID 231694119. Archived from the original on February two, 2021. Retrieved March xi, 2021.
14. ^ C. Stewart III, "Architect or tactician? Henry Clay and the institutional development of the US Business firm of Representatives" 1998, online Archived January xiv, 2021, at the Wayback Car
15. ^ "Henry Clay (1825–1829)". U.S. Presidents. Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Eye of Public Diplomacy, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
16. ^ Robinson, William A. "Thomas B. Reed, Parliamentarian". The American Historical Review, October 1931. pp. 137–138.
17. ^ Oleszek, Walter J. (December 1998). "A Pre-Twentieth Century Await at the House Committee on Rules". U.S. Firm of Representatives. Archived from the original on August 25, 2005. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
18. ^ Jones, Charles O. (August 1968). "Joseph G. Cannon and Howard West. Smith: An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives". The Journal of Politics. 30 (3): 617–646. doi:10.2307/2128798. JSTOR 2128798. S2CID 154012153.
19. ^ "Sam Rayburn Business firm Museum". Texas Historical Commission. Archived from the original on July ane, 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
20. ^ See Political party Divisions of Usa Congresses
21. ^ Condon, Stephanie (August half-dozen, 2010). "GOP to Launch "Fire Pelosi" Coach Bout". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 14, 2011. Retrieved Feb xi, 2011.
22. ^ ^{a b} Sanchez, Ray (November 3, 2010). "Nancy Pelosi: Business firm Speaker's Exclusive Interview With Diane Sawyer". ABC News. Archived from the original on June xv, 2011. Retrieved Dec 6, 2011.
23. ^ Cohen, Micah (January 4, 2013). "Were the Thou.O.P. Votes Against Boehner a Historic Rejection?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on Jan xiv, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
24. ^ Walsh, Deirdre (Jan 6, 2015). "Boehner Overcomes Large Opposition to Remain Speaker". CNN. Archived from the original on January 29, 2015. Retrieved March one, 2019.
25. ^ Shesgreen, Deirdre; Allen, Cooper (September 25, 2015). "Speaker John Boehner to resign from Congress". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
26. ^ Wire, Sarah D. (January iii, 2019). "Nancy Pelosi regains the House speaker'due south gavel as Democrats confront Trump over partial shutdown". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
27. ^ Bush, George W. (January 23, 2007). "President Bush Delivers State of the Spousal relationship Address". The White House. Archived from the original on May two, 2013. Retrieved Baronial 26, 2007.
28. ^ Allan Nevins. Ordeal of the Spousal relationship, Book II: A House Dividing 1852–1857 (New York, 1947), 413–415.
29. ^ Allan Nevins. The Emergence of Lincoln, Book II: Prologue to Ceremonious War, 1859–1861 (New York, 1950), 116–123.
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Bibliography [edit]

• Garraty, John, ed. American National Biography (1999) 20 volumes; contains scholarly biographies of all speakers no longer alive.
• Green, Matthew North. The Speaker of the Business firm: A Study of Leadership (Yale University Press; 2010) 292 pages; Examines partisan pressures and other factors that shaped the leadership of the speaker of the U.S. Business firm of Representatives; focuses on the period since 1940.
• Grossman, Mark. Speakers of the Business firm of Representatives (Amenia, NY: Grey Firm Publishing, 2009). The comprehensive work on the subject, covering, in depth, the lives of the speakers from Frederick Muhlenberg to Nancy Pelosi.
• Heitshusen, Valerie (Nov 26, 2018). "Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913–2017" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
• Remini, Robert V. The House: the History of the House of Representatives (Smithsonian Books, 2006). The standard scholarly history.
• Rohde, David Westward. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House (1991).
• Smock, Raymond Due west., and Susan W. Hammond, eds. Masters of the Firm: Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries (1998). Short biographies of key leaders.
• Zelizer. Julian E. ed. The American Congress: The Edifice of Democracy (2004). A comprehensive history by xl scholars.

External links [edit]

• "Capitol Questions." C-Bridge (2003). Notable elections and office.
• The Cannon Centenary Conference: The Changing Nature of the Speakership. (2003). House Certificate 108–204. History, nature and office of the speakership.
• Congressional Quarterly's Guide to Congress, 5th ed. (2000). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
• Wilson, Woodrow. (1885). Congressional Government. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

U.S. presidential line of succession
Preceded by Vice President Kamala Harris	2nd in line	Succeeded by President pro tempore of the Senate Patrick Leahy

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

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